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YSH I/O Builtins

POSIX shell has overlapping and quirky constructs for doing I/O:

• the builtins echo, printf, and read
• the $(command sub) construct
• Bash has mapfile and readarray

YSH rationalizes I/O with:

• A new write builtin
• Long flags to read, like --line and --all
• The distinction between $(string sub) and @(array sub)
• The QSN serialization format.

YSH also has orthogonal mechanisms for string processing:

• ${.myproc arg} and @{.myproc arg} are an optimization (TODO)
• ${x %.2f} as a static version of the printf builtin (TODO)
• ${x|html} for safe escaping (TODO)

These are discussed in more detail the strings doc.

Problems With Shell

• echo is flaky because echo $x is a bug. $x could be -n.
  • YSH write accepts --.
• read is flaky good because the -r flag to ignore \ line continuations isn't the default. The \ creates a mini-language that isn't understood by other line-based tools like grep and awk.
  • YSH has read --line.
• There's no way to tell if $() strips the trailing newline,.
  • YSH has read --all, as well as lastpipe being on.

Example:

hostname | read --all :x
write -- $x

Summary of YSH features

• write: --qsn, --sep, --end
• read: --qsn, --line, --lines, and --all (or --all-lines?)
• $(string sub) removes the trailing newline, if any
• @(array sub) splits by IFS
  • TODO: should it split by IFS=$'\n'?

write

• -sep: Characters to separate each argument. (Default: newline)
• -end: Characters to terminate the whole invocation. (Default: newline)
• -n: A synonym for -end ''.

Buffered vs. Unbuffered

• The POSIX flags to read issue many read(0, 1) calls. They do it byte-by-byte.
• The --long flags to read use buffered I/O.

Invariants

Here are some design notes on making the I/O builtins orthogonal and composable. There should be clean ways to "round trip" data between the OS and YSH data structures.

Problem

# This will get messed up with newlines, and empty strings.
IFS=$'\n'
var lines1 = @(write -- @myarray)

# This will give you back an array
var lines2 = @(write --qsn -- @myarray)

Array -> QSN Lines -> Array

This is one way to make a copy of an array

write --qsn -- @myarray | read --lines --qsn :otherarray

In contrast, this doesn't work when the elements have newlines:

var myarray = :| 'bad\n' |
write -- @myarray | read --lines :otherarray

File -> Array -> File

cat input.txt | read --all-lines :myarray

# suppress the newline
write --sep '' --end '' -- @myarray > output.txt

diff input.txt output.txt  # should be equal

File -> String -> File

cat input.txt | read --all :x

# suppress the newline
write --end '' $x > output.txt

diff input.txt output.txt  # should be equal

Related

• JSON support.